Dra. Marcela Reyes Jedlicki

@article{nokey,

title = {Beverage industry TV advertising shifts after a stepwise mandatory food marketing restriction: Achievements and challenges with regulating the food marketing environment},

author = {Fernanda Mediano and Camila Corvalán and Marcela Reyes },

doi = {10.1017/S1368980023002872.},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-12-04},

urldate = {2023-12-04},

journal = {Public Health Nutr.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Mediano Stoltze, F., Correa, T., Corvalán Aguilar, C. L., Taillie, L. S., Reyes, M., & Dillman Carpentier, F. R. 



- Cómo citar: Mediano Stoltze, F., Correa, T., Corvalán Aguilar, C. L., Taillie, L. S., Reyes, M., & Dillman Carpentier, F. R. (2023). Beverage industry TV advertising shifts after a stepwise mandatory food marketing restriction: achievements and challenges with regulating the food marketing environment. Public health nutrition, 27(1), e26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980023002872.



- Resumen: Objective: Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) are heavily advertised globally, and SSB consumption is linked to increased health risk. To reduce unhealthy food marketing, Chile implemented a regulation for products classified as high in energies, sugar, saturated fat or sodium, starting with a 2016 ban on child-targeted advertising of these products and adding a 06.00-22.00 daytime advertising ban in 2019. This study assesses changes in television advertising prevalence of ready-to-drink beverages, including and beyond SSB, to analyse how the beverage industry shifted its marketing strategies across Chile's implementation phases.

Design: Beverage advertisements were recorded during two randomly constructed weeks in April-May of 2016 (pre-implementation) through 2019 (daytime ban). Ad products were classified as 'high-in' or 'non-high-in' according to regulation nutrient thresholds. Ads were analysed for their programme placement and marketing content.},

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@article{nokey,

title = {Restricting child-directed ads is effective, but adding a time-based ban is better: evaluating a multi-phase regulation to protect children from unhealthy food marketing on television},

author = {Fernanda Mediano and Marcela Reyes and Camila Corvalán},

doi = {doi: 10.1186/s12966-023-01454-w},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-06-05},

urldate = {2023-06-05},

journal = {Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act.},

abstract = {- Otros autores:  Dillman Carpentier F, Smith Taillie L, Corvalán C, Correa T.

 

- Cómo citar: Dillman Carpentier F, Mediano F, Reyes M, Smith Taillie L, Correa T. Restricting child-directed ads is effective, but adding a time-based ban is better: evaluating a multi-phase regulation to protect children from unhealthy food marketing on television. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2023;20, 62. doi: 10.1186/s12966-023-01454-w. PMID: 37231508. PMCID: PMC10214667. ISSN: 1479-5868. IF [JCR]: 8.7. Q1



 - Resumen: As childhood obesity rates continue to rise, health organizations have called for regulations that protect children from exposure to unhealthy food marketing. In this study, we evaluate the impact of child-based versus time-based restrictions of “high-in” food and beverage advertising in Chile, which first restricted the placement of “high-in” advertisements (ads) in television attracting children and the use of child-directed content in high-in ads and, second, banned high-in ads from 6am-10pm. “High-in” refers to products above regulation-defined thresholds in energy, saturated fats, sugars, and/or sodium. High-in advertising prevalence and children’s exposure to high-in advertising are assessed.},

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@article{nokey,

title = {Awareness, use and understanding of nutrition labels among children and youth from six countries: findings from the 2019 – 2020 International Food Policy Study},

author = {Marcela Reyes},

doi = {doi: 10.1186/s12966-023-01455-9},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-06-05},

urldate = {2023-06-05},

journal = {Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Hammond D, Acton RB, Rynard VL, White CM, Vanderlee L, Bhawra J, Jáuregui A, Adams J, Roberto CA, Sacks G, Thrasher JF. 

 

- Cómo citar: Hammond D, Acton RB, Rynard VL, White CM, Vanderlee L, Bhawra J, Reyes M, Jáuregui A, Adams J, Roberto CA, Sacks G, Thrasher JF. Awareness, use and understanding of nutrition labels among children and youth from six countries: findings from the 2019 – 2020 International Food Policy Study. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2023;20, 55. doi: 10.1186/s12966-023-01455-9. PMID: 37143053. PMCID: PMC10157591. ISSN: 1479-5868. IF [JCR]: 8.7. Q1



 - Resumen: Nutrition facts tables (NFTs) on pre-packaged foods are widely used but poorly understood by consumers. Several countries have implemented front-of-package labels (FOPLs) that provide simpler, easier to use nutrition information. In October 2020, Mexico revised its FOPL regulations to replace industry-based Guideline Daily Amount (GDA) FOPLs with ‘Warning’ FOPLs, which display stop signs on foods high in nutrients of concern, such as sugar and sodium. This study examined self-reported awareness, use, and understanding of NFTs and FOPLs among young people in six countries with different FOPLs, with an additional focus on changes before and after implementation of Mexico’s FOPL warning policy.},

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@article{nokey,

title = {Framing a new nutrition policy: Changes on key stakeholder’s discourses throughout the implementation of the Chilean Food Labelling Law},

author = {Fernanda Mediano and Camila Corvalán and Marcela Reyes},

doi = {doi: 10.3390/ijerph20095700},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-06-05},

urldate = {2023-06-05},

journal = {Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Fierro C, Correa T. 

 

- Cómo citar: Mediano F, Fierro C, Corvalán C, Reyes M, Correa T. Framing a new nutrition policy: Changes on key stakeholder’s discourses throughout the implementation of the Chilean Food Labelling Law. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2023;20(9):5700. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20095700. PMID: 37174218. PMCID: PMC10178804. ISSN: 1660-4601. IF [JCR]: 4.614. Q1.



 - Resumen: The global implementation of structural policies to tackle obesity has been slow, likely because of the competing interests of governments and the food industry. We used the discussion of the Chilean Food Labeling Law to identify influential stakeholders in the media and their frames during different periods of the law’s implementation. This involved a content analysis of the food regulation media coverage in five key periods from 2007, when the food bill was first introduced in Congress, to 2018, when the second phase of the law was implemented (N = 1295). We found that most of the law coverage was through elite press. Half of the sources were from the food industry (26.7%) and government (26.2%), while other stakeholders, were less prevalent. Frames were mostly competing, except for cooperation with the law. The main food industry frame used during the discussion of the law was the “economic threat” (41.9%), whose prevalence decreased at the post-implementation period (13%, p < 0.01). No other relevant stakeholders changed their framing. Our results highlight that there are several aspects of public health communication, such as the type of media used, the involvement of scholars and civil society, and the framing, that could be improved to advance food environment policies.

Keywords: obesity prevention; food environment regulation; framing; food industry; Chile Labelling Law},

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@article{nokey,

title = {Gusto dulce: Percepción, fuentes alimentarias y preferencias [Sweet taste: Perception, food sources, and preferences]},

author = {Marcela Reyes},

doi = {doi: 10.4067/S0717-75182023000100098},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-05-08},

urldate = {2023-05-08},

journal = {Rev. Chil. Nutr.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: González CG.

 

- Cómo citar: González CG, Reyes M. Gusto dulce: Percepción, fuentes alimentarias y preferencias [Sweet taste: Perception, food sources, and preferences]. Rev. Chil. Nutr. 2023;50(1): 98-105. doi: 10.4067/S0717-75182023000100098. N/A. ISSN: 0716-1549. IF [JCI]: 0.12. Q4



 - Resumen: El dulzor es un atributo característico de alimentos y bebidas que contienen azúcares u otros edulcorantes. El uso de azú-cares ha sido reemplazado por otros edulcorantes, a fin de disminuir los efectos nocivos de éstos en diferentes resultados de salud. Sin embargo, se ha sugerido que el gusto dulce, independiente de su origen, podría tener efectos indeseados en la salud. En este artículo se revisan diversos aspectos relacionados con el gusto dulce, desde su percepción, su presencia en alimentos y líquidos, las preferencias innatas y adquiridas por este gusto y los productos que lo aportan. Se analiza además la importancia de estudiar el rol del gusto dulce en la dieta y salud.

Palabras clave : Dulzor; Gusto dulce; Percepción; Preferencias.},

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pubstate = {published},

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@article{,

title = {Changes in Children’s and Adolescents’ Dietary Intake After the Implementation of Chile’s Law of Food Labeling, Advertising and Sales in Schools: A Longitudinal Study.},

author = {Camila Corvalán and Marcela Reyes},

doi = {doi: 10.1186/s12966-023-01445-x},

issn = {1479-5868},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-00-00},

urldate = {2023-00-00},

journal = {International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Fretes G, Smith Taillie L, Economos CD, Wilson NLW, Cash SB.

 

- Cómo citar: Fretes G, Corvalán C, Reyes M, Smith Taillie L, Economos CD, Wilson NLW, Cash SB. Changes in Children’s and Adolescents’ Dietary Intake After the Implementation of Chile’s Law of Food Labeling, Advertising and Sales in Schools: A Longitudinal Study. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2023;20(1):40. doi: 10.1186/s12966-023-01445-x. PMID: 37016430. ISSN: 1479-5868. IF [JCR]: 8.7. Q1

 

 -Resumen: In June 2016, a comprehensive food policy was implemented in Chile that included front-of-package warning labels on key nutrients of concern (total sugars, added saturated fats, sodium, and calories), child-directed food advertisement bans, and school regulations. The policy was implemented in 3 phases from 2016 to 2019 and the primary objective was to improve children’s food environments. This study’s objective was to assess changes in child and adolescent intake of key nutrients of concern (total sugars, saturated fats, and sodium) at school after the initial implementation of Chile’s Law of Food Labeling and Advertisement.},

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@article{nokey,

title = {Impact of the use of food ingredients and additives on the estimation of ultra-processed foods and beverages},

author = {Camila Zancheta and Natalia Rebolledo and Marcela Reyes and Camila Corvalán},

doi = {doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1046463},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-00-00},

urldate = {2023-00-00},

journal = {Front. Nutr.},

abstract = {- Otros autores:  Durán AC, Fagundes M, Díaz-Torrente X.

 

- Cómo citar: Zancheta C, Durán AC, Fagundes M, Rebolledo N, Díaz-Torrente X, Reyes M, Corvalán C. Impact of the use of food ingredients and additives on the estimation of ultra-processed foods and beverages. Front. Nutr. 2023;9:1046463. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1046463. ISSN: 2296-861X. IF [JCR]: 6.590. Q1

 

 -Resumen: Introduction: Increasing consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF), defined by the NOVA classification, has been associated with obesity and other health outcomes. However, some authors have criticized the UPF definition because it is somewhat subjective. Most studies identify UPF using food descriptions; nevertheless, NOVA developers described a list of ingredients, including substances not commonly used for cooking and "cosmetic additives" that could be used to identify UPF. Assessing the impact of the use of different UPF definitions is particularly relevant with respect to children's diet, because several dietary policies target this age group. Thus, our study compared the frequency of UPF among foods and beverages and their share in the diet of Chilean preschoolers using three different methods of identifying UPF.},

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@article{nokey,

title = {Assessment of a consensus definition of obesity and metabolic health phenotypes in children at different pubertal stages},

author = {Ana Pereira and Marcela Reyes and Camila Corvalán},

doi = {doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25771-5},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-00-00},

urldate = {2022-00-00},

journal = {Sci Rep.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Espejo JP, Mericq V, Cifuentes M. 

 

- Cómo citar: Pereira A, Reyes M, Corvalán C, Espejo JP, Mericq V, Cifuentes M. Assessment of a consensus definition of obesity and metabolic health phenotypes in children at different pubertal stages. Sci Rep. 2022;12:21129. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25771-5. PMID: 36477173. ISSN: 2045-2322. IF [JCR]: 4.997. Q1



 - Resumen: Not all individuals with obesity develop metabolic complications, which has brought about the concepts of metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity (MHO/MUO). However, inconsistent definitions of these conditions have limited their understanding. We assessed whether a recently-proposed consensus definition for MHO/MUO correlates with adiposity and reflects metabolic risk parameters during puberty. Low-middle income children from the Growth and Obesity Cohort Study (Santiago, Chile) were included (n = 949; 1692 visits at Tanner (T)2, T4 and/or one-year post menarche (1YPM)). Anthropometry, body composition and metabolic parameters were compared between MUO and MHO, and also in children without obesity. The risk for presenting MUO phenotype was significantly elevated with higher waist-height ratio (T2), zBMI (T2, T4), trunk fat, and C-reactive protein (T4). Elevated cardiometabolic indices were important predictors of the “unhealthy” phenotype allocation in children with or without obesity. Our observations suggest that the consensus definition in children at T2, T4 and 1YPM reflects metabolic risk and central obesity. Metabolic health phenotype allocation by this equation enables easy detection of risk factors that call for action to prevent long-term metabolic derangements in children with obesity and, importantly, also those without obesity.},

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tppubtype = {article}

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@article{nokey_69,

title = {Association of fasting orexin-A levels with energy intake at breakfast and subsequent snack in Chilean adolescents.},

author = {Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105679},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-00-00},

urldate = {2022-00-00},

journal = {Psychoneuroendocrinology.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Lanuza Rilling F, Blanco E, Burrows R, Peirano P, Algarín C, Meroño T, Gahagan S. 

 

- Cómo citar: Lanuza Rilling F, Blanco E, Burrows R, Peirano P, Algarín C, Meroño T, Gahagan S. Association of fasting orexin-A levels with energy intake at breakfast and subsequent snack in Chilean adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2022;138:105679. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105679. PMID: 35182924. ISSN: 0306-4530. IF [JCR]: 4.693. Q2 

 -Resumen: Orexin-A, a hormone secreted by orexin neurons, is involved in caloric-intake regulation. Current understanding is based primarily on animal studies. Studies of orexin in humans are scarce, and to our knowledge there are no prior studies in adolescents. We studied fasting Orexin-A levels related to energy intake at breakfast and a subsequent snack in adolescents (n = 668) from a longitudinal study in Chile. Body-Mass Index (BMI), components of the metabolic syndrome and fasting blood levels of leptin, insulin, ghrelin, and orexin-A were measured. Energy intake was calculated based on food weights before and after the standardized breakfast and subsequent snack. High energy intake was defined as ≥ 75th percentile. We assessed the relationship between orexin-A and high energy intake, adjusting for confounders. Higher orexin levels were associated with high breakfast energy intake (OR: 1.21; 95%CI: 0.98–1.49). Conversely, those with higher orexin levels showed a non-significant trend for lower odds of high energy intake for the snack (OR: 0.87; 95%CI: 0.70–1.07). There was a significant interaction between high breakfast energy intake and orexin levels. Those who ate more calories at breakfast displayed a lower inhibitory effect of orexin on eating at the snack (p < 0.05). There was no significant interaction between weight status and orexin. In conclusion, orexin-A levels were associated with breakfast energy intake and inversely related with subsequent snack energy intake in participants whose caloric intake at breakfast was within the normal range. Based on these findings, it appears that the association of orexin-A with energy intake depends on eating behavior.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

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@article{nokey_68,

title = {Changes in nonnutritive sweeteners intake in a cohort of preschoolers after the implementation of Chile's Law of Food Labelling and Advertising.},

author = {Camila Corvalán and Marcela Reyes and Natalia Rebolledo},

doi = {10.1111/ijpo.12895},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-00-00},

urldate = {2022-00-00},

journal = {Pediatr. Obes.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Rebolledo N, Popkin B M, Adair L, Avery C L, Ng S W, Taillie L S. 

 

- Cómo citar: Rebolledo N, Popkin B M, Adair L, Avery C L, Ng S W, Taillie L S. Changes in nonnutritive sweeteners intake in a cohort of preschoolers after the implementation of Chile's Law of Food Labelling and Advertising. Pediatr. Obes. 2022;17(7):e12895. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12895. PMID: 35088571. ISSN: 2047-6310. IF [JCR]: 3.910. Q1 

 

-Resumen: "Background: The first phase of Chile's Law of Food Labelling and Advertising showed important declines in the sugar content of packaged foods, but it is unknown whether the law led to an increase in nonnutritive sweetener (NNS) intake, particularly among preschool children. 

Objectives: Estimate the changes in preschoolers' NNS intake after the first phase of the Chilean law. Methods: We used 24-h dietary recalls collected in 2016 (pre-law) and 2017 (post-law) from a cohort of preschoolers (n = 875). The primary caretaker was the respondent of the recalls. Information on NNS was obtained from nutrition facts panels collected annually and linked to dietary data. We used logistic regression to estimate the changes in the proportion of preschoolers who consume NNS and two-part models to estimate the changes in mean intake. We determined the percentage of children that surpassed the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of each NNS using the National Cancer Institute method. 

Results: The proportion of consumers of at least one NNS increased from 77.9% to 92.0% (p-value < 0.01). The mean intake increased for sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame-K and steviol glycosides (+20.3, +15.1, +6.1 and +3.3 mg/day, respectively). In addition, NNS dietary sources changed for sucralose and steviol glycosides, becoming industrialized juices and dairy beverages more relevant while tabletop NNS became less relevant. None of the children surpassed the ADI. 

Conclusions: NNS intake increased in preschoolers after the first phase of a national policy that promoted sugar reformulation."},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_64,

title = {Fasting levels of appetite regulating hormones predict caloric intake at breakfast in a group of Chilean adolescents.},

author = {Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.4067/S0034-98872022000200163},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-00-00},

urldate = {2022-00-00},

journal = {Rev. Medica Chile.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Lanuza F, Blanco E, Burrows R, Peirano P, Algarín C, Gahagan S. 

 

- Cómo citar: Lanuza F, Blanco E, Burrows R, Peirano P, Algarín C, Gahagan S. Fasting levels of appetite regulating hormones predict caloric intake at breakfast in a group of Chilean adolescents. Rev. Medica Chile. 2022;150: 163-171. doi: 10.4067/S0034-98872022000200163. N/A ISSN: 0034-9887. IF [JCR] 0.686. Q4 

 

-Resumen: "Background: Appetite regulation is integral to food intake and is modulated by complex interactions between internal and external stimuli. Hormonal mechanisms which stimulate or inhibit intake have been characterized, but the physiologic effects of serum levels of such hormones in short-term appetite regulation have received little attention. 

Aim: To evaluate whether fasting levels of orexigenic/anorexigenic hormones were associated with energy intake at breakfast, served soon after drawing a fasting blood sample, in a group of adolescents. 

Material and Methods: Anthropometry, body composition and fasting blood levels of leptin, insulin, ghrelin, and orexin-A were measured in 655 Chilean adolescents aged 16.8 ± 0.3 years (52% males). Energy intake was measured at a semi-standardized breakfast. Associations between hormone levels and energy intake were studied using multivariate linear models. Results: Thirty nine percent of participants were overweight/ obese. After an overnight fast, median values for leptin, insulin, ghrelin and orexin-A were 7.3 ng/mL, 6.7 IU/dL, 200.8 pg/mL, and 16.1 pg/mL, respectively. Participants ate on average 637 ± 239 calories at breakfast. In multivariable models, insulin levels were inversely and independently associated with caloric intake at breakfast (β = −18.65; p < 0.05), whereas leptin, ghrelin and orexin-A levels were positively and independently associated with intake: β= 5.56, β = 0.34 and β = 8.40, respectively, p < 0.05. 

Conclusions: Fasting leptin, ghrelin and orexin-A were positively associated with energy intake during breakfast provided soon after the blood draw. Insulin was negatively associated with energy intake. Modifiable factors influencing levels of appetite regulating hormones could be a potential target for influencing food intake."},

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@article{nokey_65,

title = {Habitual Phytoestrogen Intake is Associated with Breast Composition in Girls at 2 Years after Menarche Onset.},

author = {Marcela Reyes and María Luisa Garmendia and Camila Corvalán and Ana Pereira},

doi = {10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-22-0016},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-00-00},

urldate = {2022-00-00},

journal = {Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Lesser C, Mericq V, Shepherd JA, Michels KB. 

 

- Cómo citar: Lesser C, Mericq V, Shepherd JA, Michels KB. Habitual Phytoestrogen Intake is Associated with Breast Composition in Girls at 2 Years after Menarche Onset. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2022;31(7): 1334–1340. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-22-0016. PMID: 35477112 PMCID: PMC9250624. ISSN: 1055-9965. IF [JCR]: 4.090. Q2 

 

-Resumen: "Background: High phytoestrogen intake during adolescence is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. Breast density (BD) is a strong predictor of breast cancer and can be considered an early marker. We aim to assess the association between the mean habitual intake of isoflavones, lignans, and total phytoestrogens intake during puberty until 2 years after menarche onset and absolute fibroglandular volume (AFGV) and percentage of fibroglandular volume (%FGV) in Hispanic girls at the end of puberty. 

Methods: Longitudinal study set up in the Growth and Obesity Chilean Cohort Study (GOCS). We included 329 girls with dietary data (multiple 24-hours recalls) from puberty until 2 years after menarche onset (81% had 2-4 recalls). Two international datasets were used to estimate isoflavones, lignans, and total phytoestrogens in the diet. Breast composition was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at 2 years after menarche. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the association between isoflavones, lignans, and total phytoestrogens intake and AFGV and %FGV. Results: The average total phytoestrogen intake was 1 mg/day and %FGV was 50.7% (SD = 15.2) and AFGV 218.8 cm3 (SD = 79.3). An inverse association was found between consumption of isoflavones and AFGV, as well as, with total phytoestrogens [Q4 vs. Q1 adjusted model ß = -49.2 cm3; 95% CI (-85.5 to -13.0)]. 

Conclusions: Girls with a higher intake of total phytoestrogens and isoflavones during puberty until 2 years after menarche onset had significantly lower AFGV. 

Impact: Although the intake of phytoestrogens is low in Western populations, higher consumption of them during a critical period of life like puberty could be beneficial to reduce breast cancer during adulthood."},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

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@article{nokey_67,

title = {Sweetness of Chilean infants' diets: methodology and description.},

author = {Camila Corvalán and Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.3390/nu14071447},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-00-00},

urldate = {2022-00-00},

journal = {Nutrients.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: González CG. 

 

- Cómo citar: González CG. Sweetness of Chilean infants' diets: methodology and description. Nutrients. 2022;14(7):1-12. doi: 10.3390/nu14071447. PMID: 35406060. PMCID: PMC9003557. ISSN: 2072-6643. IF [JCR]: 6.706. Q1 

 

-Resumen: Sugars and other sweeteners contribute to the sweet taste of foods; exposure to this taste could alter appetite regulation and preferences for sweet products. Despite this, there is no widely accepted methodology for estimating overall diet sweetness. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology to estimate diet sweetness and describe diet sweetness in a cohort of Chilean infants. In order to estimate diet sweetness density, the sweetness intensity of foods was obtained from existing databases and from sensory evaluations in products with no available information and then linked to 24-h dietary recalls of infants at 12 and 36 months of age. Diet sweetness density was significantly and positively associated with total sugars and non-nutritive sweeteners intakes. The main food sources of sweetness at 12 months were fruits (27%) and beverages (19%). Sweetness density increased 40% between 12 and 36 months (from 1196 to 1673, p < 0.01), and sweetness density at both ages was significantly associated. At 36 months, beverages and dairy products were the main sources of sweetness (representing 32.2% and 28.6%, respectively). The methodology presented here to estimate the sweetness density of the diet could be useful for other studies to help elucidate different effects of exposure to high sweetness.},

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@article{nokey,

title = {Why Don’t You [Government] Help Us Make Healthier Foods More Affordable Instead of Bombarding Us with Labels? Maternal Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices after Full Implementation of the Chilean Food Labelling Law.},

author = {Camila Corvalán and Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.3390/ijerph19084547},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-00-00},

urldate = {2022-00-00},

journal = {Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Correa T, Fierro C, Dillman Carpentier FR, Smith-Taillie L 

 

- Cómo citar: Correa T, Fierro C, Dillman Carpentier FR, Smith-Taillie L Why Don’t You [Government] Help Us Make Healthier Foods More Affordable Instead of Bombarding Us with Labels? Maternal Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices after Full Implementation of the Chilean Food Labelling Law. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022;19(8):4547. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19084547. PMID: 34574616. PMCID: PMC8467886. ISSN: 1660-4601. IF [JCR]: 3.390. Q1 

 

- Resumen: Experimental and real-life evaluations show that the use of front-of-package warning labels (FoP) in unhealthy foods is well understood and can modify people’s behaviors. However, it is unclear whether these effects remain in the long term because of the risk of message fatigue. The purpose of this study is to explore after four years of implementation of the Chilean Food Labelling law people’s dietary behavior and FoP labels attention. Nine focus groups of mothers (7–10 people each) of children (2–14 yo) were conducted in Santiago, Chile, and macrocodes were developed, combining an iterative process of deductive and inductive thematic analyses. We found that mothers experienced labels’ fatigue but also had greater knowledge about nutrition and appreciation for more natural foods. This greater knowledge about better nutrition interferes with the perception that healthier and less processed foods are financial and physically inaccessible. The key role of schools as an environment for promoting healthier diets in children was strengthened by the mothers. These results suggest that policies based on providing consumer information need reinforcement campaigns to maintain their effectiveness and that we also need to advance policies to improve access and affordability of healthy foods to ensure better diets.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokeyg,

title = {Changes in food purchases after the Chilean policies on food labelling, marketing, and sales in schools: a before and after study.},

author = {Camila Corvalán and Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00172-8},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-00-00},

urldate = {2021-00-00},

journal = {Lancet Planet. Health.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Smith Taillie L, Bercholz M, Popkin B, Colchero A. 

 

- Cómo citar: Smith Taillie L, Bercholz M, Popkin B, Colchero A. Changes in food purchases after the Chilean policies on food labelling, marketing, and sales in schools: a before and after study. Lancet Planet. Health. 2021;5(8):E526-E533. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00172-8. PMID: 34390670. PMCID: PMC8364623. ISSN: 2542-5196. IF [JCR]: 19.173. Q1 

 

- Resumen: Background: In 2016, Chile implemented a unique law mandating front-of-package warning labels, restricting marketing, and banning school sales for products high in calories, sodium, sugar, or saturated fat. We aimed to examine changes in the calorie, sugar, sodium, and saturated fat content of food and beverage purchases after the first phase of implementation of this law. Methods: This before and after study used longitudinal data on food and beverage purchases from 2381 Chilean households from Jan 1, 2015, to Dec 31, 2017. Nutrition facts panel data from food and beverage packages were linked to household purchases at the product level using barcode, brand name, and product description. Nutritionists reviewed each product for nutritional accuracy and categorised it as high-in if it contained added sugar, sodium, or saturated fat and exceeded phase 1 nutrient or calorie thresholds, and thus was subject to the labelling, marketing, and school regulations. Using fixed-effects models, we examined the mean nutrient content (overall calories, sugar, saturated fat, and sodium) of purchases in the post-policy period compared to a counterfactual scenario based on pre-policy trends. Findings: Compared with the counterfactual scenario, overall calories purchased declined by 16·4 kcal/capita/day (95% CI -27·3 to -5·6; p=0·0031) or 3·5%. Overall sugar declined by 11·5 kcal/capita/day (-14·6 to -8·4; p<0·0001) or 10·2%, and saturated fat declined by 2·2 kcal/capita/day (-3·8 to -0·5; p=0·0097) or 3·9%. The sodium content of overall purchases declined by 27·7 mg/capita/day (-46·3 to -9·1; p=0·0035) or 4·7%. Declines from high-in purchases drove these results with some offset by increases in not-high-in purchases. Among high-in purchases, relative to the counterfactual scenario, there were notable declines of 23·8% in calories purchased (-49·4 kcal/capita/day, 95% CI -55·1 to -43·7; p<0·0001), 36·7% in sodium purchased (-96·6 mg/capita/day,-105·3 to -87·8; p<0·0001), and 26·7% in sugar purchased (-20·7 kcal/capita/day, -23·4 to -18·1; p<0·0001). 

Interpretation: The Chilean phase 1 law of food labelling and advertising policies were associated with reduced high-in purchases, leading to declines in purchased nutrients of concern. Greater changes might reasonably be anticipated after the implementation of phases 2 and 3. 

Funding: Bloomberg Philanthropies, International Development Research Center, and Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_80,

title = {Changes in the use of nonnutritive sweeteners in the Chilean food and beverage supply after the implementation of the Food Labeling and Advertising Law.},

author = {Camila Zancheta and Camila Corvalán and Marcela Reyes },

doi = {10.3389/fnut.2021.773450},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-00-00},

urldate = {2021-00-00},

journal = {Front. Nutr.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Taillie L, Quitral V. 

 

- Cómo citar: Zancheta C, Taillie L, Quitral V. Changes in the use of nonnutritive sweeteners in the Chilean food and beverage supply after the implementation of the Food Labeling and Advertising Law. Front. Nutr. 2021;8:906. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.773450. PMCID: PMC8630583. PMID: 34859036. ISSN: 2296-861X. IF [JCR]: 6.590. Q1 

 -Resumen: Reductions on the sugars content of the food supply have been described after the initial implementation Chilean Labeling Law, but it is unclear if sugars were replaced by non-caloric sweeteners (NNS). We evaluated changes in the NNSs use in foods and beverages after the initial implementation of the labeling law. We used longitudinal data on packaged foods and beverages collected in six major supermarkets and three candy distributors in Santiago, Chile, in January-February 2015/2016 and in January-February 2017. We included in the analysis beverages, dairy-based beverages, yogurts, breakfast cereals, desserts and ice creams, candies and sweet confectioneries, and sweet spreads with a market share ≥1% of their food groups (n = 999). We compared the use of any NNS, the number of different NNSs used, and the combined use of NNSs and ingredients adding sugars using non-parametric tests for matched samples. We evaluated the association between a reduction in sugars and starting NNS use in the post-implementation period using negative binomial regression. The use of any NNS increased from 37.9 to 43.6% (p < 0.001) after the law's implementation, NNSs increased among beverages, dairy-based beverages, yogurts, and desserts and ice creams (p < 0.05), driven mostly by increases in sucralose and stevia use (p < 0.05). We found that reformulated products that reduced the amount of sugars below the law's cutoff were more likely to start using an NNS in the post-implementation period (prevalence ratio: 12.1; 95%CI: 7.2-20.2; p < 0.001). Our results suggest that NNSs likely replaced sugars after the initial implementation of the law. Further analyses should explore how these changes may impact NNS consumption.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_77,

title = {The burden of excessive saturated fatty acid intake attributed to ultra-processed food consumption: a study conducted with nationally representative cross-sectional studies from eight countries.},

author = {Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.1017/jns.2021.30},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-00-00},

urldate = {2021-00-00},

journal = {J. Nutr. Sci.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Steele EM, Batis C, Cediel G, Louzada MLD, Khandpur N, Machado P, Moubarac JC, Rauber F, Levy RB, Monteiro CA. 

 

- Cómo citar: Steele EM, Batis C, Cediel G, Louzada MLD, Khandpur N, Machado P, Moubarac JC, Rauber F, Levy RB, Monteiro CA. The burden of excessive saturated fatty acid intake attributed to ultra-processed food consumption: a study conducted with nationally representative cross-sectional studies from eight countries. J. Nutr. Sci. 2021;10:e43. doi: 10.1017/jns.2021.30. PMID: 34164122. PMCID: PMC8190718. ISSN: 2048-6790. IF [JCI]: 0.61. Q3 

 

-Resumen: Cross-sectional nutritional survey data collected in eight countries were used to estimate saturated fatty acid intakes. Our objective was to estimate the proportion of excessive saturated fatty acid intakes (>10 % of total energy intake) that could be avoided if ultra-processed food consumption was reduced to levels observed in the first quintile of each country. Secondary analysis was performed of 24 h dietary recall or food diary/record data collected by the most recently available nationally representative cross-sectional surveys carried out in Brazil (2008-9), Chile (2010), Colombia (2005), Mexico (2012), Australia (2011-12), the UK (2008-16), Canada (2015) and the US (2015-16). Population attributable fractions estimated the impact of reducing ultra-processed food consumption on excessive saturated fatty acid intakes (above 10 % of total energy intake) in each country. Significant relative reductions in the percentage of excessive saturated fatty acid intakes would be observed in all countries if ultra-processed food consumption was reduced to levels observed in the first quintile's consumption. The reductions in excessive intakes ranged from 10⋅0 % (95 % CI 6⋅2-13⋅6 %) in Canada to 35⋅0 % (95 % CI 28⋅7-48⋅0 %) in Mexico. In all eight studied countries, all presenting more than 30 % of intakes with excessive saturated fatty acids, lowering the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods to attainable, context-specific levels was shown to be a potentially effective way to reduce the percentage of intakes with excessive saturated fatty acids, which may play an important role in the prevention of non-communicable diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_89,

title = {Ultra-Processed Food Consumption Among Chilean Preschoolers Is Associated With Diets Promoting Non-communicable Diseases.},

author = {Camila Corvalán and Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.3389/fnut.2021.601526},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-00-00},

urldate = {2021-00-00},

journal = {Front. Nutr.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Araya C, Cediel G, Taillie L.S. 

 

- Cómo citar: Araya C, Cediel G, Taillie L.S. Ultra-Processed Food Consumption Among Chilean Preschoolers Is Associated With Diets Promoting Non-communicable Diseases. Front. Nutr. 2021;8:601526. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.601526. PMID: 33842518 PMCID: PMC8032866. ISSN: 2296-861X. IF [JCR]: 6.590. Q1 

 

-Resumen: Introduction: In adults, intake of ultra-processed foods (UPF) has been linked with poor diets and adverse health outcomes. In young children, evidence is scarcer but suggests a higher dietary share of UPF. Objective: To quantify the intake of UPF and its association with the nutrient composition of the diet in a sample of preschoolers in Santiago, Chile. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of dietary data (24-h recall survey) from 960 preschoolers. Foods were categorized according to the extent and purpose of processing (NOVA classification) and participants were classified in quintiles of UPF intake. We explored the associations between UPF intake (% of the total energy) and intake of nutrients of concern for non-communicable disease development (carbohydrates, total sugars, fats, and sodium), and nutrients for promotion (proteins, polyunsaturated fats, iron, calcium, zinc, vitamins A, D, C, and B12, folate, and fiber) using multivariate regression after controlling for covariates. Results: UPF constituted 49% of the total energy intake. Preschoolers with higher intake consumed more energy, saturated and monounsaturated fats, carbohydrates, total sugars, and vitamin D, compared to preschoolers in the lowest quintile of UPF intake. In contrast, UPF intake was negatively associated with the consumption of proteins, polyunsaturated fats, fiber, zinc, vitamin A, and sodium (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In Chilean preschoolers, UPF was the primary source of energy intake. The dietary share of UPF was associated with the nutrient composition of the diet. Improving children's diet should consider not only promoting healthy food consumption but also limiting UPF consumption.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_93,

title = {Ultra-processed foods drive to unhealthy diets: evidence from Chile.},

author = {Marcela Reyes and Camila Corvalán},

doi = {10.1017/S1368980019004737},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-00-00},

urldate = {2021-00-00},

journal = {Public Health Nutr.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Cediel G, Bertazzi R, Uauy R, Monteiro C. 

 

- Cómo citar: Cediel G, Bertazzi R, Uauy R, Monteiro C. Ultra-processed foods drive to unhealthy diets: evidence from Chile. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24(7):1698-1707. doi: 10.1017/S1368980019004737. PMID: 32338229. ISSN: 1368-9800. IF [JCR]: 4.539. Q2 

 

-Resumen: Objectives: To assess the consumption of ultra-processed foods and its association with the overall dietary content of nutrients related to non-communicable diseases (NCD) in the Chilean diet and to estimate the population attributable fraction of ultra-processed food consumption on the unhealthy nutrient content. 

Design: Cross-sectional analysis of dietary data collected through a national survey (2010). 

Setting: Chile. 

Participants: Chilean population aged ≥2 years (n 4920). Results: In Chile, ultra-processed foods represented 28·6 % of the total energy intake. A significant positive association was found between the dietary share of ultra-processed foods and NCD-promoting nutrients such as dietary energy density (standardised regression coefficient (β) = 0·22), content of free sugars (β = 0·45), total fats (β = 0·26), saturated fats (β = 0·19), trans fats (β = 0·09) and Na:K ratio (β = 0·04), while a significant negative association was found with the content of NCD-protective nutrients such as K (β = -0·19) and fibre (β = -0·31). The content of Na (β = 0·02) presented no significant association. Except for Na, the prevalence of inadequate intake of all nutrients (WHO recommendations) increased across quintiles of the dietary share of ultra-processed foods. With the reduction of ultra-processed foods consumption to the level seen among the 20 % lowest consumers (3·8 % (0-9·3 %) of the total energy from ultra-processed foods), the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy would be reduced in almost three-fourths for trans fats; in half for energy density (foods); in around one-third for saturated fats, energy density (beverages), free sugars and total fats; in near 20 % for fibre and Na:K ratio and in 13 % for K. 

Conclusions: In Chile, decreasing the consumption of ultra-processed foods is a potentially effective way to achieve the WHO nutrient goals for the prevention of diet-related NCD.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokeyp,

title = {An evaluation of Chile’s Law of Food Labeling and Advertising on sugar-sweetened beverage purchases from 2015 to 2017: A before-and-after study.},

author = {Camila Corvalán and Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1003015},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-00-00},

urldate = {2020-00-00},

journal = {PLos Med.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Smith Taillie L, Colchero A, Popkin B. 

 

- Cómo citar: Smith Taillie L, Colchero A, Popkin B. An evaluation of Chile’s Law of Food Labeling and Advertising on sugar-sweetened beverage purchases from 2015 to 2017: A before-and-after study. PLos Med. 2020;17(2):e1003015. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003015. PMID: 32045424. PMCID: PMC7012389. ISSN: 1549-1277. IF [JCR]: 11.069. Q1 

 - Resumen: Background: Chile's Law of Food Labeling and Advertising, implemented in 2016, was the first national regulation to jointly mandate front-of-package warning labels, restrict child-directed marketing, and ban sales in schools of all foods and beverages containing added sugars, sodium, or saturated fats that exceed set nutrient or calorie thresholds. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of this package of policies on household beverage purchases. Method and findings: In this observational study, monthly longitudinal data on packaged beverage purchases were collected from urban-dwelling households (n = 2,383) participating in the Kantar WordPanel Chile Survey from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2017. Beverage purchases were linked to nutritional information at the product level, reviewed by a team of nutritionists, and categorized as "high-in" or "not high-in" according to whether they contained high levels of nutrients of concern (i.e., sugars, sodium, saturated fat, or energy) according to Chilean nutrient thresholds and were thus subject to the law's warning label, marketing restriction, and school sales ban policies. The majority of high-in beverages were categorized as such because of high sugar content. We used fixed-effects models to compare the observed volume as well as calorie and sugar content of postregulation beverage purchases to a counterfactual based on preregulation trends, overall and by household-head educational attainment. Of households included in the study, 37% of household heads had low education (less than high school), 40% had medium education (graduated high school), and 23% had high education (graduated college), with the sample becoming more educated over the study period. Compared to the counterfactual, the volume of high-in beverage purchases decreased 22.8 mL/capita/day, postregulation (95% confidence interval [CI] -22.9 to -22.7; p < 0.001), or 23.7% (95% CI -23.8% to -23.7%). High-educated and low-educated households showed similar absolute reductions in high-in beverage purchases (approximately 27 mL/capita/day; p < 0.001), but for high-educated households this amounted to a larger relative decline (-28.7%, 95% CI -28.8% to -28.6%) compared to low-educated households (-21.5%, 95% CI -21.6% to -21.4%), likely because of the high-educated households' lower level of high-in beverage purchases in the preregulation period. Calories from high-in beverage purchases decreased 11.9 kcal/capita/day (95% CI -12.0 to -11.9; p < 0.001) or 27.5% (95% CI -27.6% to -27.5%). Calories purchased from beverages classified as "not high-in" increased 5.7 kcal/capita/day (95% CI 5.7-5.7; p < 0.001), or 10.8% (10.8%-10.8%). Calories from total beverage purchases decreased 7.4 kcal/capita/day (95% CI -7.4 to -7.3; p < 0.001), or 7.5% (95% CI -7.6% to -7.5%). A key limitation of this study is the inability to assess causality because of its observational nature. We also cannot determine whether observed changes in purchases are due to reformulation or consumer behavioral change, nor can we parse out the effects of the labeling, marketing, and school sales ban policies. 

Conclusions: Purchases of high-in beverages significantly declined following implementation of Chile's Law of Food Labeling and Advertising; these reductions were larger than those observed from single, standalone policies, including sugar-sweetened-beverage taxes previously implemented in Latin America. Future research should evaluate the effects of Chile's policies on purchases of high-in foods, dietary intake, and long-term purchasing changes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_104,

title = {Changes in the amount of nutrient of packaged foods and beverages after the initial implementation of the Chilean Law of Food Labelling and Advertising: A nonexperimental prospective study.},

author = {Marcela Reyes and Camila Corvalán},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1003220},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-00-00},

urldate = {2020-00-00},

journal = {PLos Med.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Smith-Taillie L, Popkin B, Kanter R, Vandevijvere S. 

 

- Cómo citar: Smith-Taillie L, Popkin B, Kanter R, Vandevijvere S. Changes in the amount of nutrient of packaged foods and beverages after the initial implementation of the Chilean Law of Food Labelling and Advertising: A nonexperimental prospective study. PLos Med. 2020;17(7): e1003220. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003220. PMCID: PMC7386631. PMID: 32722710. ISSN: 1549-1277. IF [JCR]: 11.613. Q1 

 

-Resumen: Background: In June 2016, the first phase of the Chilean Food Labelling and Advertising Law that mandated front-of-package warning labels and marketing restrictions for unhealthy foods and beverages was implemented. We assess foods and beverages reformulation after this initial implementation. Methods and findings: A data set with the 2015 to 2017 nutritional information was developed collecting the information at 2 time periods: preimplementation (T0: January-February 2015 or 2016; n = 4,055) and postimplementation (T1: January-February 2017; n = 3,025). Quartiles of energy and nutrients of concern (total sugars, saturated fats, and sodium, per 100 g/100 mL) and the proportion of products with energy and nutrients exceeding the cutoffs of the law (i.e., products "high in") were compared pre- and postimplementation of the law in cross-sectional samples of products with sales >1% of their specific food or beverage groups, according to the Euromonitor International Database; a longitudinal subsample (i.e., products collected in both the pre- and postimplementation periods},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_105,

title = {Consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners by pre-schoolers of the food and environment Chilean cohort (FECHIC) before the implementation of the Chilean food labelling and advertising law.},

author = {Marcela Reyes and Camila Corvalán},

doi = {10.1186/s12937-020-00583-3},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-00-00},

urldate = {2020-00-00},

journal = {Nutr. J.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Venegas-Hargous C, Smith-Taillie L, González C. 

 

- Cómo citar: Venegas-Hargous C, Smith-Taillie L, González C. Consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners by pre-schoolers of the food and environment Chilean cohort (FECHIC) before the implementation of the Chilean food labelling and advertising law. Nutr. J. 2020;19, 69. doi: 10.1186/s12937-020-00583-3. PMID: 32650775. PMCID: PMC7353755. ISSN: 1475-2891. IF [JCR]: 4.344. Q3 

 

-Resumen: Background: Consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) is becoming increasingly more frequent, particularly in the context of obesity prevention policies. The aim of this study was to describe the consumption of NNS in an ongoing cohort of pre-schoolers (4-6-year-old) before the implementation of the Chilean Food Labelling and Advertising Law, identify sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics associated with their consumption, and describe the main dietary sources of each NNS sub-type. Methods: In 959 low-medium income pre-schoolers from the Food and Environment Chilean Cohort (FECHIC), dietary data from a single 24-h recall was linked to NNS content information obtained from packaged foods (n = 12,233). The prevalence of NNS consumption was estimated by food source and characterized by child and maternal sociodemographic and anthropometric variables. Intakes and main dietary sources were described for the six most prevalent NNS in Chile: Sodium Cyclamate, Saccharin, Aspartame, Acesulfame Potassium, Sucralose, and Steviol glycosides. Results: Sixty-eight percent of the pre-schoolers consumed at least one source of NNS on the day of the dietary recall; most of them consumed NNS from foods and beverages (n = 532), while only 12% (n = 119) also consumed table-top sweeteners. The prevalence of NNS consumption was significantly higher among children whose mothers had a high educational level compared to children whose mothers did not complete high school (p < 0.05); however, it did not differ by any other variable studied. The highest intakes of NNS were observed for Aspartame [2.5 (1.4-3.7) mg/kg per consumer], followed by Sodium Cyclamate [1.6 (1.3-2.6) mg/kg per consumer] and Steviol glycosides [1.2 (0.2-2.1) mg/kg per consumer]. Beverages were the only food group that contributed to the intake of the six NNS studied, accounting for 22% of the overall intake of Saccharine and up to 99% of Aspartame intake. 

Conclusions: Before the implementation of the Food Labelling and Advertising Law, NNS consumption was highly prevalent among a cohort of low-middle income Chilean pre-schoolers. Continuous monitoring of NNS consumption is essential given potential food reformulation associated with the implementation of this set of obesity-prevention policies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokeyn,

title = {Food Advertising on Television before and after a National Unhealthy Food Marketing Regulation in Chile, 2016-2017.},

author = {Camila Corvalán and Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2020.305658},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-00-00},

urldate = {2020-00-00},

journal = {Am. J. Public Health.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Correa T, Reyes M, Smith Taillie, Corvalán C, Dillman Carpentier F. 

 

- Cómo citar: Correa T, Reyes M, Smith Taillie, Corvalán C, Dillman Carpentier F. Food Advertising on Television before and after a National Unhealthy Food Marketing Regulation in Chile, 2016-2017. Am. J. Public Health. 2020;110:1054-1059. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305658. PMID: 32437274. ISSN: 0090-0036. IF [JCR]: 9.308. Q1 

 

- Resumen: Objectives. To study changes in food advertising on television after Chile’s food marketing restriction was implemented in June 2016. 

Methods. Food advertisements shown between 6 am and 12 am on the 4 primary broadcast and 4 cable channels with the largest Chilean youth audiences during 2 random weeks in April and May 2016 and 2017 were analyzed for product nutrition and child-directed marketing. 

Results. The percentage of ads for foods high in energy, saturated fats, sugars, or sodium (HEFSS) decreased from 41.9% before the regulation to 14.8% after the regulation (P < .001). This decrease occurred in programs intended for children (from 49.7% to 12.7%; P < .001) as well as general audiences (from 38.5% to 15.7%; P < .001). The largest declines were seen for sodas, desserts, breakfast cereals and industrialized fruit- and vegetable-flavored drinks. Fewer HEFSS ads featured child-directed content (a decrease from 44.0% to 12.0%; P < .001), and the remaining child-directed HEFSS ads primarily aired on internationally owned cable channels. 

Conclusions. The significant postregulation decrease in the prevalence of HEFSS television ads suggests that children in Chile are now less exposed to unhealthy food advertising. However, television originating from national and international outlets should still be monitored for compliance.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokeyk,

title = {Food industry political practices in Chile: “the economy has always been the main concern”.},

author = {Camila Corvalán and Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.1186/s12992-020-00638-4},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-00-00},

urldate = {2020-00-00},

journal = {Global. Health.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Mialon M, Cediel G, Baeza F. 

 

- Cómo citar: Mialon M, Cediel G, Baeza F. Food industry political practices in Chile: “the economy has always been the main concern”. Global. Health. 2020;16:1-12. doi: 10.1186/s12992-020-00638-4. PMID: 33109216. PMCID: PMC7590241. ISSN: 1744-8603. IF [JCR]: 4.185. Q1 

 

- Resumen: Background: In the business literature, the term "corporate political activity" (CPA) refers to the political strategies undertaken by corporations to protect or expend their markets, by influencing, directly or indirectly, the policy process. There is evidence that food industry actors use such political practices, which poses a significant threat to public health. Our study objective was to identify the political practices of the food industry in Chile. 

Results: In Chile, food industry actors supported community initiatives, particularly those targeted at children and those focused on environmental sustainability. Food industry actors also funded research through prizes, scholarships, and by supporting scientific events. Food industry actors lobbied against the development and implementation of a front-of-pack nutrition labelling policy, including with support from the Ministries of Economy, Agriculture and Foreign Affairs. Food industry actors, for example, claimed that there would be unintended negative consequences for society and the economy, and that the policy would breach trade agreements. The same arguments were used against a proposed tax increase on sugar-sweetened beverages. Food industry actors stressed their crucial role in the Chilean economy and claimed to be part of the solution in the prevention and control of obesity, with a particular focus on their efforts to reformulate food products, and their support of physical activity initiatives. Interviewees noted that the political influence of the food industry is often facilitated by the neo-liberal and market-driven economy of Chile. Nevertheless, this system was questioned through social protests that started in the country during data collection. 

Conclusions: In Chile, food industry actors used numerous action- and argument-based CPA practices which may influence public health policy, research, and practice. Despite strong influence from the food industry, Chile adopted a front-of-pack nutrition labelling policy. While the country has some measures in place to manage the interactions between government officials or public health professionals, and the industry, there is still a need to develop robust mechanisms to address undue influence from corporations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_121,

title = {A comparison of the healthiness of packaged foods and beverages from 12 countries using the Health Star Rating nutrient profiling system, 2013–2018.},

author = {Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.1111/obr.12879},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-00-00},

urldate = {2019-00-00},

journal = {Obes. Rev.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Dunford E, Ni Mhurchu C, Huang L, Vandevijvere S, Swinburn B, Pravst I, Tolentino‐Mayo L, L'Abbe M, Neal B. 

 

- Cómo citar: Dunford E, Ni Mhurchu C, Huang L, Vandevijvere S, Swinburn B, Pravst I, Tolentino‐Mayo L, L'Abbe M, Neal B. A comparison of the healthiness of packaged foods and beverages from 12 countries using the Health Star Rating nutrient profiling system, 2013–2018. Obes. Rev. 2019;20(S2):107-115. doi: 10.1111/obr.12879 PMID: 31328385. ISSN: 1467-7881. IF [JCR]: 10.867. Q1 

 -Resumen: We compared the healthiness of packaged foods and beverages between selected countries using the Health Star Rating (HSR) nutrient profiling system. Packaged food and beverage data collected 2013–2018 were obtained for Australia, Canada, Chile, China, India, Hong Kong, Mexico, New Zealand, Slovenia, South Africa, the UK, and USA. Each product was assigned to a food or beverage category and mean HSR was calculated overall by category and by country. Median energy density (kJ/100 g), saturated fat (g/100 g), total sugars (g/100 g) and sodium (mg/100 g) contents were calculated. Countries were ranked by mean HSR and median nutrient levels. Mean HSR for all products (n = 394,815) was 2.73 (SD 1.38) out of 5.0 (healthiest profile). The UK, USA, Australia and Canada ranked highest for overall nutrient profile (HSR 2.74–2.83) and India, Hong Kong, China and Chile ranked lowest (HSR 2.27–2.44). Countries with higher overall HSR generally ranked better with respect to nutrient levels. India ranked consistently in the least healthy third for all measures. There is considerable variability in the healthiness of packaged foods and beverages in different countries. The finding that packaged foods and beverages are less healthy in middle-income countries such as China and India suggests that nutrient profiling is an important tool to enable policymakers and industry actors to reformulate products available in the marketplace to reduce the risk of obesity and NCDs among populations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_128,

title = {An 11-country study to benchmark the implementation of recommended nutrition policies by national governments using the Healthy Food Environment Policy Index, 2015-2018.},

author = {Camila Corvalán and Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.1111/obr.12819},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-00-00},

urldate = {2019-00-00},

journal = {Obes. Rev.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Vandevijvere S, Barquera S, Caceres G, Karupaiah T, Kroker-Lobos MF, L'Abbé M, Ng SH, Phulkerd S, Ramirez-Zea M, Rebello SA, Sacks G, Sánchez Nóchez CM, Sanchez K, Sanders D, Spires M, Swart R, Tangcharoensathien V, Tay Z, Taylor A, Tolentino-Mayo, Van Dam R, Vanderlee L, Watson F, Whitton C, Swinburn B. 

 

- Cómo citar: Vandevijvere S, Barquera S, Caceres G, Karupaiah T, Kroker-Lobos MF, L'Abbé M, Ng SH, Phulkerd S, Ramirez-Zea M, Rebello SA, Sacks G, Sánchez Nóchez CM, Sanchez K, Sanders D, Spires M, Swart R, Tangcharoensathien V, Tay Z, Taylor A, Tolentino-Mayo, Van Dam R, Vanderlee L, Watson F, Whitton C, Swinburn B. An 11-country study to benchmark the implementation of recommended nutrition policies by national governments using the Healthy Food Environment Policy Index, 2015-2018. Obes. Rev. 2019;20(S2):57-66. doi: 10.1111/obr.12819. PMID: 30609260. ISSN: 1467-7881. IF [JCR]: 10.867. Q1 

 -Resumen: The Healthy Food Environment Policy Index (Food-EPI) aims to assess the extent of implementation of recommended food environment policies by governments compared with international best practices and prioritize actions to fill implementation gaps. The Food-EPI was applied in 11 countries across six regions (2015-2018). National public health nutrition panels (n = 11-101 experts) rated the extent of implementation of 47 policy and infrastructure support good practice indicators by their government(s) against best practices, using an evidence document verified by government officials. Experts identified and prioritized actions to address implementation gaps. The proportion of indicators at “very low if any,” “low,” “medium,” and “high” implementation, overall Food-EPI scores, and priority action areas were compared across countries. Inter-rater reliability was good (GwetAC2 = 0.6-0.8). Chile had the highest proportion of policies (13%) rated at “high” implementation, while Guatemala had the highest proportion of policies (83%) rated at “very low if any” implementation. The overall Food-EPI score was “medium” for Australia, England, Chile, and Singapore, while “very low if any” for Guatemala. Policy areas most frequently prioritized included taxes on unhealthy foods, restricting unhealthy food promotion and front-of-pack labelling. The Food-EPI was found to be a robust tool and process to benchmark governments' progress to create healthy food environments.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_124,

title = {Anticipatory effects of the implementation of the Chilean Law of Food Labeling and Advertising on food and beverage product reformulation.},

author = {Marcela Reyes and Camila Corvalán},

doi = {10.1111/obr.12870},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-00-00},

urldate = {2019-00-00},

journal = {Obes. Rev.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Kanter R, Vandevijvere S, Swinburn B. 

 

- Cómo citar: Kanter R, Vandevijvere S, Swinburn B. Anticipatory effects of the implementation of the Chilean Law of Food Labeling and Advertising on food and beverage product reformulation. Obes. Rev. 2019;20(S2):129-140. doi: 10.1111/obr.12870. PMID: 31245920. ISSN: 1467-7881. IF [JCR]: 10.867. Q1 

 -Resumen: This study evaluated the anticipated food and beverage product reformulation by industry before the Chilean Law of Food Labeling and Advertising (Law 20.606) was implemented in June 2016 requiring a front-of-package (FOP) warning label for products high in sodium, total sugars, saturated fats, and/or total energy. Fieldworkers photographed a purposive sample of packaged food and beverage products in February 2015 (n = 5421) and February 2016 (n = 5479) from six different supermarkets in Santiago, Chile. The same products collected in both years (n = 2086) from 17 food and beverage categories with added critical nutrients (nutrients of concern: sodium, total sugars, and saturated fats) were included in this longitudinal study. The average change in energy and critical nutrient content was estimated by category. The number of warning labels potentially avoided because of reformulation was determined. Between February 2015 and February 2016, no category experienced reductions >5% average change in energy or critical nutrient content; and some increased in critical nutrient content. Few products (<2%) would have avoided at least one warning label with reformulation. In a diverse sample of food and beverage products, there was minimal reformulation by industry in anticipation of the implementation of the 2016 Chilean Law of Food Labeling and Advertising.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokeys,

title = {Development of the Chilean front-of-package food warning label.},

author = {Camila Corvalán and María Luisa Garmendia and Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.1186/s12889-019-7118-1},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-00-00},

urldate = {2019-00-00},

journal = {BMC Public Health.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Olivares S, Aqueveque C, Zacarías I. 

 

- Cómo citar: Olivares S, Aqueveque C, Zacarías I. Development of the Chilean front-of-package food warning label. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):906. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7118-1. PMID: 31286910 / PMCID: PMC6615240. ISSN: 1471-2458. IF [JCR]: 3.295. Q2 

 

- Resumen: Background: Front-of package (FoP) nutrition labels are an option to guide consumer's decision at the point of food purchase. Chile was the first country worldwide to implement a FoP warning label and thereafter several countries have followed this model. The objective of this study is to describe the process of development of the Chilean FoP warning label. 

Methods: A stepwise study was conducted including literature review, qualitative phase (lay audience & expert group meetings) and quantitative phase in women/adolescents from low-middle-socioeconomic status neighborhoods, Santiago, Chile (2 sub-studies, using point-of-sale questionnaires). Outcomes were prototype visualization, ease of understanding, and ability to modify purchase behavior. 

Results: The literature review and qualitative phase provided information on general text (e.g. short wording) and design characteristics (e.g. use of a logo, use of red or black colors); based on these characteristics 15 prototypes were created and quantitatively tested. In the first survey, a black-&-white stop sign and a black-&-white hand were preselected; in the second survey, the stop sign stating 'Excess of <nutrient>' had significantly better performance than the hand in terms of visualization, intention to purchase, and ability to modify intended purchase. Due to legal reasons the "excess of" was replaced by "high-in" in the final implementation of the law. 

Conclusions: A simple black-&-white stop sign warning label was the best option to flag pre-packaged foods with an excess of energy or nutrients of concern for non-communicable diseases; this FoP warning label was implemented in Chile in June 2016 as part of the Chilean Food Labeling and Marketing Law.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_120,

title = {Dietary Intake by Food Source and Eating Location in Low- and Middle-Income Chilean Preschool Children and Adolescents from Southeast Santiago.},

author = {Natalia Rebolledo and Marcela Reyes and Camila Corvalán},

doi = {10.3390/nu11071695},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-00-00},

urldate = {2019-00-00},

journal = {Nutrients.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Popkin B, Smith Taillie L. 

 

- Cómo citar: Rebolledo N, Reyes M, Corvalán C, Popkin B, Smith Taillie L. Dietary Intake by Food Source and Eating Location in Low- and Middle-Income Chilean Preschool Children and Adolescents from Southeast Santiago. Nutrients. 2019;11(7):1695. doi: 10.3390/nu11071695. PMID: 31340559 / PMCID: PMC6683044. ISSN: 2072-6643. IF [JCR]: 6.706. Q1 

 

-Resumen: Background: Food source and eating location are important factors associated with the quality of dietary intake. In Chile the main food sources and eating locations of preschool children and adolescents and how these relate to dietary quality are unknown. Methods: We analyzed 24 h dietary recalls collected in 2016 from low- and middle-income Chilean preschool children (3-6 years},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_127,

title = {Effectiveness of an intervention of dietary counseling for overweight and obese pregnant women in the consumption of sugars and energy.},

author = {Marcela Reyes and María Luisa Garmendia},

doi = {10.3390/nu11020385},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-00-00},

urldate = {2019-00-00},

journal = {Nutrientes.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Anleu E, Araya M, Flores M, Uauy R. 

 

- Cómo citar: Anleu E, Araya M, Flores M, Uauy R. Effectiveness of an intervention of dietary counseling for overweight and obese pregnant women in the consumption of sugars and energy. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):385-400. doi: 10.3390/nu11020385. PMID: 30781781. ISSN: 2072-6643. IF [JCR]: 6.706. Q1 

 

-Resumen: Objective: Evaluate if an intervention based on nutritional counseling decreases total sugars and energy consumption in overweight and obese pregnant women, compared to their previous consumption and compared to women who only received routine counseling. Methods: Randomized study of two groups: dietary counseling (Intervention Group: IG) and routine counseling (Control Group: CG). The intervention consisted of three educational sessions focused on decreasing intake of foods that most contribute to sugars consumption. Changes in sugars and energy consumption were evaluated by a food frequency questionnaire before and after the intervention. Results: We evaluated 433 pregnant women, 272 in IG and 161 in CG, who before intervention had a mean consumption of 140 g total sugars and 2134 kcal energy per day. At the end of the intervention, the IG showed 15 g/day lower consumption of total sugars (95% CI: −25 and −5 g/day), 2% less total energy from sugars (95% CI: −3% and −1% g/day), and 125 kcal/day less energy than the CG (95% CI: −239 and −10 kcal/day). Table sugar, sweets, and soft drinks had the greatest reduction in consumption. Conclusions: The intervention focused on counseling on the decrease in consumption of the foods that most contribute to sugars consumption in overweight and obese pregnant women was effective in decreasing total sugars and energy consumption, mainly in the food groups high in sugars. Future studies should examine if this intervention has an effect on maternal and fetal outcomes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokeyr,

title = {Evaluating the impact of Chile’s marketing regulation of unhealthy foods and beverages: preschool and adolescent children’s changes in exposure to food advertising on television.},

author = {Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.1017/S1368980019003355},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-00-00},

urldate = {2019-00-00},

journal = {Public Health Nutr.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Dillman Carpentier F, Correa T, Smith-Taillie L. 

 

- Cómo citar: Dillman Carpentier F, Correa T, Smith-Taillie L. Evaluating the impact of Chile’s marketing regulation of unhealthy foods and beverages: preschool and adolescent children’s changes in exposure to food advertising on television. Public Health Nutr. 2019;1-9. doi: 10.1017/S1368980019003355. PMID: 31822317. ISSN: 1368-9800. IF [JCR]: 4.022. Q1 

 

- Resumen: Objective: To evaluate the effects of Chile's 2016 regulation restricting child-directed marketing of products high in energy, saturated fats, sodium, and sugars on reducing children's exposure to "high-in" television food advertising. Design: Television use by preschoolers and adolescents was assessed via surveys in the months prior to implementation and a year after implementation. Hours and channels of television use was linked with the amount of high-in food advertising observed in corresponding content analyses of food advertisements from popular broadcast and cable channels to estimate changes in exposure to food ads from these channels. Setting: Middle-lower and lower-income neighborhoods in Santiago, Chile. Participants: 879 preschoolers (mothers reporting) and 753 adolescents (self-reporting). Results: Preschoolers' and adolescents' exposure to high-in food advertising in total decreased significantly by an average of 44% and 58%, respectively. Exposure to high-in food advertising with child-directed appeals, such as cartoon characters, decreased by 35% and 52% for preschoolers and adolescents, respectively. Decreases were more pronounced for children who viewed more television. Products high in sugars were the most prevalent among the high-in advertisements seen by children after implementation. Conclusions: Following Chile's 2016 child-directed marketing regulation, children's exposure to high-in food advertising on popular broadcast and cable television decreased significantly but was not eliminated from their viewing. Later stages of the regulation are expected to eliminate the majority of children's exposure to high-in food advertising from television.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_126,

title = {Global benchmarking of children's exposure to television advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages across 22 countries.},

author = {Camila Corvalán and Marcela Reyes},

doi = {doi: 10.1111/obr.12840.},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-00-00},

urldate = {2019-00-00},

journal = {Obes. Rev.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Kelly B, Vandevijvere S, Ng S, Adams J, Allemandi L, Bahena‐Espina L, Barquera S, Boyland E, Calleja P, Carmona‐Garcés IC, Castronuovo L, Cauchi D, Correa T, Cosenza‐Quintana EL, Fernández‐Escobar C, González‐Zapata LI, Halford J, Jaichuen N, Jensen ML, Karupaiah T, Kaur A, Kroker‐Lobos MF, Mchiza Z, Miklavec K, Parker W, Potvin M, Pravst KI, Ramírez‐Zea M, Reiff S, Royo‐Bordonada MA, Rueangsom P, Scarborough P, Tiscornia MV, Tolentino‐Mayo L, Wate J, White M, Zamora‐Corrales I, Zeng L, Swinburn B. 

 

- Cómo citar: Kelly B, Vandevijvere S, Ng S, Adams J, Allemandi L, Bahena‐Espina L, Barquera S, Boyland E, Calleja P, Carmona‐Garcés IC, Castronuovo L, Cauchi D, Correa T, Cosenza‐Quintana EL, Fernández‐Escobar C, González‐Zapata LI, Halford J, Jaichuen N, Jensen ML, Karupaiah T, Kaur A, Kroker‐Lobos MF, Mchiza Z, Miklavec K, Parker W, Potvin M, Pravst KI, Ramírez‐Zea M, Reiff S, Royo‐Bordonada MA, Rueangsom P, Scarborough P, Tiscornia MV, Tolentino‐Mayo L, Wate J, White M, Zamora‐Corrales I, Zeng L, Swinburn B. Global benchmarking of children's exposure to television advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages across 22 countries. Obes. Rev. 2019;20(S2):116-128. doi: 10.1111/obr.12840. PMID: 30977265. ISSN: 1467-7881. IF [JCR]: 10.867. Q1 

 

-Resumen: Restricting children's exposures to marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages is a global obesity prevention priority. Monitoring marketing exposures supports informed policymaking. This study presents a global overview of children's television advertising exposure to healthy and unhealthy products. Twenty-two countries contributed data, captured between 2008 and 2017. Advertisements were coded for the nature of foods and beverages, using the 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) Europe Nutrient Profile Model (should be permitted/not-permitted to be advertised). Peak viewing times were defined as the top five hour timeslots for children. On average, there were four times more advertisements for foods/beverages that should not be permitted than for permitted foods/beverages. The frequency of food/beverages advertisements that should not be permitted per hour was higher during peak viewing times compared with other times (P < 0.001). During peak viewing times, food and beverage advertisements that should not be permitted were higher in countries with industry self-regulatory programmes for responsible advertising compared with countries with no policies. Globally, children are exposed to a large volume of television advertisements for unhealthy foods and beverages, despite the implementation of food industry programmes. Governments should enact regulation to protect children from television advertising of unhealthy products that undermine their health.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_111,

title = {Structural responses to the obesity and non-communicable diseases epidemic: Update on the Chilean law of food labelling and advertising.},

author = {María Luisa Garmendia and Camila Corvalán and Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.1111/obr.12802},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-00-00},

urldate = {2019-00-00},

journal = {Obes. Rev.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Uauy R. 

 

- Cómo citar: Uauy R. Structural responses to the obesity and non-communicable diseases epidemic: Update on the Chilean law of food labelling and advertising. Obes. Rev. 2019; 20(3):367-374. doi: 10.1111/obr.12802. PMID: 30549191. ISSN: 1467-7881. IF [JCR]: 10.867. Q1 

 

-Resumen: Chile approved the law of food labelling and advertising in 2012; this law aims to address the obesity epidemic, particularly in children. The implementation details were published in 2015, and the law was implemented finally in 2016, as described in the current article. Regulated foods were defined based on a specially developed nutrient profiling, which considered natural foods as gold standard. For liquid foods, amounts of energy, sugars, saturated fats, and sodium in 100 mL of cow's milk were used as cut-offs. For solid foods, values within the 90th - 99th percentile range for energy and critical nutrients were selected as cut-off within a list of natural foods. A stop sign stating “High in <nutrient>” was chosen as warning label for packaged regulated foods. Regulated foods were also forbidden to be sold or offered for free at kiosks, cafeterias, and feeding programme at schools and nurseries. Besides, regulated foods cannot be promoted to children under 14 years. A staggered implementation of the regulation was decided, with nutrients cut-offs becoming increasingly stricter over a 3-year period. These regulatory efforts are in the right direction but will have to be sustained and complemented with other actions to achieve their ultimate impact of halting the obesity epidemic.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokeyq,

title = {Prevalence of child-directed marketing on breakfast cereal packages before and after Chile’s food marketing law: A pre-post quantitative content analysis.},

author = {Fernanda Mediano and Camila Corvalán and Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.3390/ijerph16224501},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-00-00},

urldate = {2019-00-00},

journal = {Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Smith TL, Correa T, Carpentier FRD. 

 - Cómo citar: Mediano Stoltze F, Smith TL, Correa T, Carpentier FRD. Prevalence of child-directed marketing on breakfast cereal packages before and after Chile’s food marketing law: A pre-post quantitative content analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2019;16(22). pii: E4501. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16224501. PMID: 31731577. ISSN: 1660-4601. IF [JCR]: 3.390. Q1 - Resumen: Food marketing has been identified as a contributing factor in childhood obesity, prompting global health organizations to recommend restrictions on unhealthy food marketing to children. Chile has responded to this recommendation with a restriction on child-directed marketing for products that exceed certain regulation-defined thresholds in sugars, saturated fats, sodium, or calories. Child-directed strategies are allowed for products that do not exceed these thresholds. To evaluate changes in marketing due to this restriction, we examined differences in the use of child-directed strategies on breakfast cereal packages that exceeded the defined thresholds vs. those that did not exceed the thresholds before (n = 168) and after (n = 153) the restriction was implemented. Photographs of cereal packages were taken from top supermarket chains in Santiago. Photographed cereals were classified as “high-in” if they exceeded any nutrient threshold described in the regulation. We found that the percentage of all cereal packages using child-directed strategies before implementation (36%) was significantly lower after implementation (21%), p < 0.05. This overall decrease is due to the decrease we found in the percentage of “high-in” cereals using child-directed strategies after implementation (43% before implementation, 15% after implementation), p < 0.05. In contrast, a greater percentage of packages that did not qualify as “high-in” used child-directed strategies after implementation (30%) compared with before implementation (8%), p < 0.05. The results suggest that the Chilean food marketing regulation can be effective at reducing the use of child-directed marketing for unhealthy food products.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokeyt,

title = {Responses to the Chilean law of food labeling and advertising: exploring knowledge, perceptions and behaviors of mothers of young children.},

author = {Camila Corvalán and Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.1186/s12966-019-0781-x},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-00-00},

urldate = {2019-00-00},

journal = {Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Correa T, Fierro C, Dillman Carpentier FR, Smith-Taillie L. 

 

- Cómo citar: Correa T, Fierro C, Dillman Carpentier FR, Smith-Taillie L. Responses to the Chilean law of food labeling and advertising: exploring knowledge, perceptions and behaviors of mothers of young children. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2019;16(1):21. doi: 10.1186/s12966-019-0781-x. PMID: 30760273. PMCID: PMC6375144. ISSN: 1479-5868. IF [JCR]: 6.457. Q1 

 

- Resumen: Background: In line with calls for action from international health organizations, Chile implemented in June 2016 a set of regulations to tackle the obesity epidemic. The new regulation includes the mandatory use of front-of-package warning labels on packaged foods/beverages high in energy, sugars, saturated fats and sodium. Additionally, such foods cannot be sold nor offered in daycares/schools and cannot be promoted to children under 14yo. The law is targeted to children; thus, this study examined mothers' understanding, perceptions, and behaviors associated with the regulation one year after its implementation, using a qualitative approach. 

Methods: Nine focus groups of mothers (7-10 people each) of children (2-14yo) were conducted in July 2017 in Santiago-Chile. They were stratified by socioeconomic status (SES) and children's age. Macrocodes were developed by three researchers, combining an iterative process of deductive and inductive thematic analyses. Quotations representing each category were selected. 

Results: Mothers understood the new regulation as a policy to fight child obesity and were aware that products with more labels were less healthy than products with fewer labels. Attention and use of labels in the buying decision-making process ranged from participants who did not pay attention to others who relied on them as a quick shortcut (mostly from middle and upper-SES); many mothers indicated changing their purchase habits only when buying new products. Mothers declared that young children accepted school environment changes while teens/preteens resisted them more. Many mothers agreed that schools have become key promoters of food behavioral change. Mothers were less aware about the food marketing regulations. Mothers declared that they perceived that the regulation was changing the perceptions, attitudes and behaviors toward healthier eating patterns. 

Conclusion: After the first year of implementation, the regulation was well known by mothers of diverse SES and different children ages. The degree of use of warning labels was heterogeneous among participants, but most of them agreed that their children, particularly the youngest have positive attitudes toward the regulation and have become promoters of change in their families. Many mothers also expressed that they perceived an important shift toward healthier eating, which may lead to a change in eating social norms. This information contributes to better understand how regulatory actions may influence people's consumer behaviors.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_122,

title = {Snacking patterns among Chilean children and adolescents: is there potential for improvement?},

author = {Marcela Reyes and Camila Corvalán},

doi = {10.1017/S1368980019000971},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-00-00},

urldate = {2019-00-00},

journal = {Public Health Nutr.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Jensen ML, Popkin BM, Taillie LS. 

 

- Cómo citar: Jensen ML, Popkin BM, Taillie LS. Snacking patterns among Chilean children and adolescents: is there potential for improvement? Public Health Nutr. 2019;26(10):1017-23. doi: 10.1017/S1368980019000971. PMID: 31124768. ISSN: 1368-9800. IF [JCR]: 4.539. Q2 

 

-Resumen: Objective: To examine snacking patterns, food sources and nutrient profiles of snacks in low- and middle-income Chilean children and adolescents. 

Design: Cross-sectional. Dietary data were collected via 24 h food recalls. We determined the proportion of snackers, snacks per day and energy from top food and beverage groups consumed. We compared the nutrient profile (energy, sodium, total sugars and saturated fat) of snacks v. meals. 

Setting: South-east region of Chile. 

Participants: Children and adolescents from two cohorts: the Food Environment Chilean Cohort (n 958, 4-6 years old) and the Growth and Obesity Cohort Study (n 752, 12-14 years old). 

Results: With a mean of 2·30 (se 0·03) snacks consumed daily, 95·2 % of children and 89·9 % of adolescents reported at least one snacking event. Snacks contributed on average 1506 kJ/d (360 kcal/d) in snacking children and 2218 kJ/d (530 kcal/d) in snacking adolescents (29·0 and 27·4 % daily energy contribution, respectively). Grain-based desserts, salty snacks, other sweets and desserts, dairy foods and cereal-based foods contributed the most energy from snacks in the overall sample. For meals, cereal-based foods, dairy beverages, meat and meat substitutes, oils and fats, and fruits and vegetables were the top energy contributors. 

Conclusions: Widespread snacking among Chilean youth provides over a quarter of their daily energy and includes foods generally considered high in energy, saturated fat, sodium and/or total sugars. Future research should explore whether snacking behaviours change as the result of Chile's national regulations on food marketing, labelling and school environments.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Etiquetado de Alimentos en Chile: comentarios a la carta sobre la Ley 30021 de Perú [Food labeling in Chile: Comments on the letter regarding Law 30021 in Peru]},

author = {Marcela Reyes},

doi = {doi: 10.18294/sc.2018.1948},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-09-03},

journal = {Salud Colect.},

abstract = {Reyes  Jedlicki  M.  Etiquetado  de  Alimentos  en  Chi-le:  comentarios  a  la  carta  sobre  la  Ley  30021  de  Perú.  Salud  Colectiva.  2018;14(3):641-643.  doi:  10.18294/sc.2018.1948.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokeyu,

title = {Chile's 2014 sugar-sweetened beverage tax and changes in prices and purchases of sugar-sweetened beverages: An observational study in an urban environment.},

author = {Camila Corvalán and Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1002597},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-00-00},

urldate = {2018-00-00},

journal = {PLoS Med.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Caro JC, Silva A, Popkin B, Smith-Taillie L. 

 

- Cómo citar: Caro JC, Silva A, Popkin B, Smith-Taillie L. Chile's 2014 sugar-sweetened beverage tax and changes in prices and purchases of sugar-sweetened beverages: An observational study in an urban environment. PLoS Med. 2018;15(7):e1002597. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002597. PMID: 29969444. PMCID: PMC6029755. ISSN: 1549-1277. IF [JCR]: 11.069. Q1 

 

- Resumen: Background: On October 1, 2014, the Chilean government modified its previous sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax, increasing the tax rate from 13% to 18% on industrialized beverages with high levels of sugar (H-SSBs) (greater than 6.25 grams [g] sugar/100 milliliters [mL]) and decreasing the tax rate from 13% to 10% on industrialized beverages with low or no sugar (L-SSBs) (less than 6.25 g sugar/100 mL). This study examines changes in beverage prices and household beverage purchases following the implementation of the tax reform. 

Methods and findings: We used longitudinal data collected between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2015, from 2,000 households. We defined the pretax period as January 1, 2013, to September 30, 2014, and the posttax period as October 1, 2014, to December 31, 2015. We conducted a pre-post analysis for changes in prices and purchases, with the latter examined by volume and calories. We compared posttax changes in prices and purchases to a counterfactual, defined as what would have been expected in the posttax period based on pretax trends. All results are stated as comparisons to this counterfactual. We linked beverages at the bar code level to nutrition facts panel data collected by a team of Chilean nutritionists who categorized them by taxation level and beverage subcategory, which included carbonated and noncarbonated H-SSBs and concentrated, ready-to-drink L-SSBs and untaxed beverages. We reconstituted concentrated beverages and analyzed all beverages using as-consumed volumes and calories. Posttax monthly prices of H-SSBs increased, but these changes were small. Prices of carbonated H-SSBs increased by 2.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0%-3.0%), while those of noncarbonated H-SSBs increased by 3.9% (95% CI 1.6%-6.2%). Prices of L-SSB concentrates decreased after the tax by 6.7% (95% CI -8.2%--4.6%), and prices of ready-to-drink L-SSBs increased by 1.5% (95% CI 0.3%-2.7%). Households decreased monthly per capita purchases of H-SSBs by 3.4% by volume (95% CI -5.9%--0.9%) and 4.0% by calories (95% CI -6.3%--1.9%), and this change was greater among high socioeconomic status (SES) households. The volume of household purchases of L-SSBs increased 10.7% (95% CI 7.5%-13.9%), while that of untaxed beverage purchases decreased by 3.1% (95% CI -5.1%--1.1%). The main limitation of this study was that there was no control group, so we were unable to assess the causal impact of the tax. 

Conclusions: The modifications of Chile's SSB tax were small, and observed changes in prices and purchases of beverages after the tax were also small. Our results are consistent with previous evidence indicating that small increases in SSB taxes are unlikely to promote large enough changes in SSB purchases to reduce obesity and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_131,

title = {Eating in the Absence of Hunger and Obesity Among Adolescents in Santiago, Chile.},

author = {Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.1007/s10900-018-00608-3},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-00-00},

urldate = {2018-00-00},

journal = {J. Community Health.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Blanco E, Reyes M, Burrows R, Gahagan S. 

 

- Cómo citar: Blanco E, Reyes M, Burrows R, Gahagan S. Eating in the Absence of Hunger and Obesity Among Adolescents in Santiago, Chile. J. Community Health. 2018;44(5):874-880. doi: 10.1007/s10900-018-00608-3. PMID: 30570695 / PMCID: PMC6736517. ISSN: 0094-5145. IF [JCR]: 4.371. Q1 

 -Resumen: In reports among mostly, US, white, preschool and young school-age children eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) has been positively related to adiposity, with some support for a sex-specific relationship. There is considerable interest in EAH and obesity in populations at risk for obesity-like populations of countries that have undergone rapid development. We assessed adolescents (n = 679) after an overnight fast with anthropometry and an EAH paradigm beginning with an ad lib pre-load meal. Participants reported satisfaction and perceived ability to eat more food, and then proceeded to a room with freely available snacks where they were permitted to eat ad lib for 20 min. Adolescents were 16.8 years old, 52% male, and 14% with obesity. Median preload meal kcal consumption was 602 (IQR 474-746). Additional calories were consumed at the EAH snack by 47.6%. Among those who ate snack, 155 additional calories were consumed (IQR 78-283). Adolescents with obesity had 0.61 (95% CI 0.37-0.99) reduced odds of eating at the EAH snack adolescents without obesity. Adolescents with obesity were also less likely to eat above the median total calories compared to adolescents without obesity (OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.36-0.96). A sex by obesity interaction term was not significant in any model. Obesity was related to eating behavior in our sample of Chilean adolescents, however not in the direction we hypothesized. Adolescents with obesity were less likely to eat additional calories in the EAH paradigm and ate fewer total calories compared to adolescents without obesity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_145,

title = {Female offspring birth weight is associated with Body Mass Index, waist circumference and metabolic syndrome in Latin American women at 10-years postpartum.},

author = {María Luisa Garmendia and Camila Corvalán and Ana Pereira and Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.1016/j.diabres.2018.01.029},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-00-00},

urldate = {2018-00-00},

journal = {Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Mueller N, Uauy R. 

 

- Cómo citar: Mueller N, Uauy R. Female offspring birth weight is associated with Body Mass Index, waist circumference and metabolic syndrome in Latin American women at 10-years postpartum. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2018;138:90-98. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.01.029. PMID: 29421309. ISSN: 0168-8227. IF [JCR]: 8.180. Q1 

 

-Resumen: Aims: We aimed to assess whether female offspring birth weight (BW) is associated with anthropometric and metabolic outcomes in Chilean mothers at 10-years postpartum. 

Methods: We assessed data from 396 Chilean mother-daughter pairs participating in the longitudinal Chilean Growth and Obesity Cohort (GOCS) and Determinants of Breast Cancer Risk (DERCAM) studies. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were performed to associate female offspring BW with maternal Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and its components at 10-years postpartum. Results: At 10-years postpartum, 69% of mothers were overweight, 65% had central adiposity and 26% had metabolic syndrome. Adjusted linear regression models showed associations between female offspring BW and (1) maternal BMI (%Δ GM = 4.46; 95% CI 0.25-8.85); and (2) waist circumference (%Δ GM = 3.25; 95% CI 0-6.60). Adjusted logistic regression models showed associations between female offspring BW and (1) maternal metabolic syndrome (OR = 3.48; 95% CI 1.50-8.11); (2) central adiposity (OR = 2.37; 95% CI 1.08-5.22); and (3) hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 3.19; 95% CI 1.40-7.23). 

Conclusions: Female offspring BW was associated with maternal anthropometric and metabolic outcomes at 10-years postpartum. Our findings add to the emerging evidence that offspring BW might be a potential indicator for future maternal anthropometric and metabolic risks.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_138,

title = {Greater early weight gain and shorter breastfeeding are associated with low adolescent adiponectin levels.},

author = {Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.1111/ijpo.12212},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-00-00},

urldate = {2018-00-00},

journal = {Pediatr. Obes.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Burrows R, Blanco E, Lozoff B, Gahagan S. 

 

- Cómo citar: Burrows R, Blanco E, Lozoff B, Gahagan S. Greater early weight gain and shorter breastfeeding are associated with low adolescent adiponectin levels. Pediatr. Obes. 2018;13(5):277-284. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12212. PMID: 28303690. PMCID: PMC5600663. ISSN: 2047-6310. IF [JCR]: 3.910. Q1 

 

-Resumen: Background: Early life factors can programme future risk for cardiovascular disease. 

Objectives: We explored associations between adolescent adiponectin levels and concomitant metabolic alteration and also looked at the association between early life factors and adolescent adiponectin levels. 

Methods: We studied a longitudinal cohort of low-income to middle-income Chilean adolescents who were enroled in an infancy iron-deficiency anaemia preventive trial and follow-up studies at the Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. In the 577 adolescents who were assessed as part of the 16-year follow-up, we evaluated independent associations between adiponectin levels and metabolic disturbances during adolescence. We also assessed the association between early life factors [short breastfeeding <6 months and infancy weight gain] and adolescent adiponectin levels. Results: Participants were 16.8 years old (16.4-18.1), 48% female and 38% overweight/obese. Adolescent adiponectin levels were inversely associated with metabolic disturbances: altered homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [odds ratios 95% confidence interval = 0.87 0.79-0.95},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_140,

title = {Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake among Chilean Preschoolers and Adolescents in 2016: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.},

author = {Marcela Reyes and Camila Corvalán},

doi = {10.3390/nu10111767},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-00-00},

urldate = {2018-00-00},

journal = {Nutrients.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Essman M, Popkin B, Smith-Taillie L. 

 

- Cómo citar: Essman M, Popkin B, Smith-Taillie L. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake among Chilean Preschoolers and Adolescents in 2016: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1767. doi: 10.3390/nu10111767. PMID: 30445671. PMCID: PMC6265687. ISSN: 2072-6643. IF [JCR]: 6.706. Q1 

 -Resumen: Background: Chile has the highest sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) sales of any country and a growing burden of childhood obesity. This study examines SSB intake in Chilean children after a 5% SSB tax increase in 2014 but prior to marketing, labeling, and school policies implemented in 2016. Methods: 24-h recalls were collected in 2016 from two cohorts comprised of preschoolers 3–5 years of age (n = 961) and adolescents 12–14 years of age (n = 770) from low–moderate income neighborhoods. Beverages were categorized as regulated or unregulated according to whether they exceeded nutrient thresholds established by the 2016 policies. Results: Preschoolers consumed mainly beverage calories from regulated dairy beverages and substitutes (109 kcal, SD 30), unregulated dairy beverages (102 kcal, SD 24), and regulated fruit and vegetables drinks (44 kcal, SD 20). For adolescents, the greatest contributions came from regulated sodas (77 kcal, SD 47), regulated dairy beverages and substitutes (41 kcal, SD 16), and unregulated coffee and tea (41 kcal, SD 11). Overall, regulated beverages provided a greater proportion of calories than unregulated for preschoolers (15.0% vs. 11.8%) and for adolescents (9.1% vs. 5.0%). Conclusions: Before major policy implementation, regulated beverages accounted for a higher percentage of energy intake than unregulated beverages among both age groups. Future research will be needed to evaluate the impact of Chile’s new policies on sugary beverage intake in children.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_147,

title = {Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the Chilean diet (2010).},

author = {Marcela Reyes and Camila Corvalán},

doi = {10.1017/S1368980017001161},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-00-00},

urldate = {2018-00-00},

journal = {Public Health Nutr.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Cediel G, da Costa Louzada ML, Martinez Steele E, Monteiro CA, Uauy R. 

 

- Cómo citar: Cediel G, da Costa Louzada ML, Martinez Steele E, Monteiro CA, Uauy R. Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the Chilean diet (2010). Public Health Nutr. 2018;21(1):125-133. doi: 10.1017/S1368980017001161. PMID: 28625223. ISSN: 1368-9800. IF [JCR]: 4.539. Q2 

 

-Resumen: Objective: To assess the consumption of ultra-processed foods and analyse its association with the content of added sugars in the Chilean diet. 

Design: Cross-sectional study of national dietary data obtained through 24 h recalls and classified into food groups according to the extent and purpose of food processing (NOVA classification). 

Setting: Chile. 

Subjects: A probabilistic sample of 4920 individuals (aged 2 years or above) studied in 2010 by a national dietary survey (Encuesta Nacional de Consumo Alimentario). Results: Ultra-processed foods represented 28·6 (se 0·5) % of total energy intake and 58·6 (se 0·9) % of added sugars intake. The mean percentage of energy from added sugars increased from 7·7 (se 0·3) to 19·7 (se 0·5) % across quintiles of the dietary share of ultra-processed foods. After adjusting for several potential sociodemographic confounders, a 5 percentage point increase in the dietary share of ultra-processed foods determined a 1 percentage point increase in the dietary content of added sugars. Individuals in the highest quintile were three times more likely (OR=2·9; 95 % CI 2·4, 3·4) to exceed the 10 % upper limit for added sugars recommended by the WHO compared with those in the lowest quintile, after adjusting for sociodemographic variables. This association was strongest among individuals aged 2-19 years (OR=3·9; 95 % CI 2·7, 5·9). 

Conclusions: In Chile, ultra-processed foods are important contributors to total energy intake and to the consumption of added sugars. Actions aimed at limiting consumption of ultra-processed foods are being implemented as effective ways to achieve WHO dietary recommendations to limit added sugars and processed foods, especially for children and adolescents.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_141,

title = {The prevalence and audience reach of food and beverage advertising on Chilean television according to marketing tactics and nutritional quality of products.},

author = {Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.1017/S1368980018003130},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-00-00},

urldate = {2018-00-00},

journal = {Public Health Nutr.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Correa T, Smith-Taillie L, Dillman-Carpentier F. 

 

- Cómo citar: Correa T, Smith-Taillie L, Dillman-Carpentier F. The prevalence and audience reach of food and beverage advertising on Chilean television according to marketing tactics and nutritional quality of products. Public Health Nutr. 2018;22(6):1113-1124 doi: 10.1017/S1368980018003130. PMID: 30486917. ISSN: 1368-9800. IF [JCR]: 4.539. Q2 

 

-Resumen: Objective: In the light of Chile's comprehensive new restriction on unhealthy food marketing, we analyse food advertising on Chilean television prior to the first and final phases of implementation of the restriction. 

Design: Content analysis of marketing strategies of 6976 advertisements, based on products' nutritional quality. Statistical analysis of total and child audience reached using television ratings data. 

Setting: Advertising from television aired between 06.00 and 00.00 hours during two random composite weeks across April-May 2016 from the four broadcast and four cable channels with the largest youth audiences. 

Results: Food ads represented 16 % of all advertising; 34 % of food ads featured a product high in energy, saturated fats, sugars and/or salt (HEFSS), as defined by the initial regulation. HEFSS ads were seen by more children and contained more child-directed marketing strategies than ads without HEFSS foods. If HEFSS advertising was restricted only in programmes where 20 % are children aged 4-12 years, 31 % of children's and 8 % of the general audience's HEFSS advertising exposure would be reduced. The newest 06.00-22.00 hours restriction captures 80 % of all audience exposure. 

Conclusions: HEFSS advertising was seen by a large proportion of children before Chile's regulation. Chile's first implementation based on audience composition should reduce a third of this exposure and its second restriction across the television day should eliminate most of the exposure. The current study is a crucial first step in evaluating how Chile's regulation efforts will impact children's diets and obesity prevalence.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_133,

title = {The Food Supply Prior to the Implementation of the Chilean Law of Food Labeling and Advertising.},

author = {Marcela Reyes and Camila Corvalán},

doi = {10.3390/nu11010052},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-00-00},

urldate = {2018-00-00},

journal = {Nutrients.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Kanter R, Swinburn B, Vandevijvere S. 

 

- Cómo citar: Kanter R, Swinburn B, Vandevijvere S. The Food Supply Prior to the Implementation of the Chilean Law of Food Labeling and Advertising. Nutrients. 2018;11(1): pii: E52. doi: 10.3390/nu11010052. PMID: 3059784. PMCID: PMC6356190. ISSN: 2072-6643. IF [JCR]: 6.706. Q1 

 -Resumen: This study aimed to evaluate the composition of the food supply ahead of the implementation of the Chilean Law of Food Labeling and Advertising (Law 20.606) in June 2016. The INFORMAS (International Network for Food and Obesity/Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) Research, Monitoring and Action Support) framework for monitoring the composition of the food supply was used. The Law’s initial (2016) and final (2019) limits were used to evaluate if foods would receive a “High in” warning for Calories, Sodium, Sugars and/or Saturated Fats (initial/final, solids: >350/275 kcal; >800/400 mg; >22.5/10 g; >6/4 g; liquids: >100/70 kcal; >100/100 mg; >6/5 g; >3/3 g respectively). Foods were excluded if they required reconstitution, had missing information or if total labeled energy was estimated as incorrect (n = 942). In February 2015 and 2016, fieldworkers photographed a purposeful sample of packaged food and beverage products (n = 5421 and n = 5479) from 6 different supermarkets in Santiago, Chile. Seven percent of foods had no added critical nutrients (n = 720). Two-thirds of products had critical nutrients exceeding at least one initial limit indicative of a “high in” warning. Under the final phase limits, only 17% of foods would have zero warning labels. By 2019, 10 of the 17 food and beverage categories studied are predicted to have less than half of their products without a high in sodium warning label. While 8 of the 17 categories studied are predicted to have less than half their products without a high in total sugars or a high in total calories warning label, respectively; while even fewer food and beverage categories are predicted to be without a high in saturated fat warning label. Most products will have to be reformulated to avoid at least one front-of-package warning label.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Prevalence of child-directed and general audience marketing strategies on the front  of beverage packaging: the case of Chile},

author = {Fernanda Mediano and Camila Corvalán and Marcela Reyes},

doi = {doi: 10.1017/S1368980017002671},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-11-02},

journal = {Public Health Nut. },

abstract = {- Otros autores: Barker JO, Kanter R, Taillie LS, Dillman Carpentier FR.



- Cómo citar: Mediano Stoltze F, Barker JO, Kanter R, Corvalán C, Reyes M, Taillie LS, Dillman Carpentier FR. Prevalence of child-directed and general audience marketing strategies on the front of beverage packaging: the case of Chile. Public Health Nutr. 2018 Feb;21(3):454-464. doi: 10.1017/S1368980017002671. Epub 2017 Nov 2. PMID: 29094661; PMCID: PMC10260837.



- Resumen: Objective: Front-of-package (FOP) marketing strategies of a wide variety of beverages were catalogued to examine the prevalence of each strategy prior to a sweeping Chilean restriction of child-directed marketing aimed at reducing obesity-related disease among Chile's youth.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_162,

title = {Breastfeeding as the sole source of milk for 6 months and adolescent bone mineral density.},

author = {Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.1007/s00198-017-4106-0},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-00-00},

urldate = {2017-00-00},

journal = {Osteoporos Int.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Blanco E, Burrows R, Lozoff B, Gahagan S, Albala C. 

 

- Cómo citar: Blanco E, Burrows R, Lozoff B, Gahagan S, Albala C. Breastfeeding as the sole source of milk for 6 months and adolescent bone mineral density. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(10):2823-2830. doi: 10.1007/s00198-017-4106-0. PMID: 28589419. PMCID: PMC5840801. ISSN: 0937-941X. IF [JCR]: 5.071. Q2 

 

-Resumen: Little is known regarding the relationship between early life factors and bone mineral density (BMD). We found a positive association between breastfeeding for at least 6 months, without formula supplementation, and whole body adolescent BMD z-score. 

Introduction: The aim of the study is to assess the role of breastfeeding BF on adolescent bone mineral density (BMD) in a cohort prospectively followed since infancy. 

Methods: We studied 679 participants from an infancy iron deficiency anemia preventive trial in Santiago, Chile, followed to adolescence. Breast and bottle feeding were ascertained weekly from 4 to 12 months. At 16 years, whole body BMD was assessed by DEXA. Using linear regression, we evaluated associations between BF duration and BF as the sole source of milk and adolescent BMD z-score, adjusting for possible infancy, adolescent, and background confounders. Results: Mean birth weight and length were 3.5 (0.3) kg and 50.7 (1.6) cm. For at least 6 months, BF was the sole source of milk for 26.3% and with supplementation for 36.7%. For 37%, BF was provided for less than 6 months. Mean 16-year BMD z-score was 0.25 (1.0). Covariates included male sex, birth length, and gestational age. BF as the sole source of milk ≥6 months, compared to BF < 6 months, was associated with higher adolescent BMD z-score adjusting for covariates (β = 0.29, p < 0.05). Mixed BF was not significantly related to adolescent BMD z-score (β = 0.06},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_164,

title = {Early onset obesity and risk of metabolic syndrome among Chilean adolescents.},

author = {Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.5888/pcd14.170132},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-00-00},

urldate = {2017-00-00},

journal = {Prev. Chronic Dis.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Pacheco LS, Blanco E, Burrows R, Lozoff B, Gahagan S. 

 

- Cómo citar: Pacheco LS, Blanco E, Burrows R, Lozoff B, Gahagan S. Early onset obesity and risk of metabolic syndrome among Chilean adolescents. Prev. Chronic Dis. 2017;14:E93. doi: 10.5888/pcd14.170132. PMID: 29023232. PMCID: PMC5645192. ISSN: 1545-1151. IF [JCR]: 4.354. Q2 

 

-Resumen: Introduction: Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) indicators have increased globally among the pediatric population. MetS indicators in the young elevate their risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders later in life. This study examined early onset obesity as a risk factor for MetS risk in adolescence. Methods: A cohort of Chilean participants (N = 673) followed from infancy was assessed at age 5 years and in adolescence (mean age, 16.8 y). Adiposity was measured at both time points; blood pressure and fasting blood samples were assessed in adolescence only. Early onset obesity was defined as a World Health Organization z score of 2 standard deviations (SDs) or more for body mass index (BMI) at age 5 years. We used linear regression to examine the association between early onset obesity and adolescent MetS risk z score, adjusting for covariates. Results: Eighteen percent of participants had early onset obesity, and 50% of these remained obese in adolescence. Mean MetS risk z score in adolescence was significantly higher among those with early onset obesity than among those without (1.0; SD, 0.8 vs 0.2; SD, 0.8 [P < .001]). In the multivariable model, early onset obesity independently contributed to a higher MetS risk score in adolescence (β = 0.27, P < .001), controlling for obesity status at adolescence and sex, and explained 39% of the variance in MetS risk. 

Conclusion: Early onset obesity as young as age 5 years relates to higher MetS risk.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_163,

title = {Low muscle mass is associated with cardiometabolic risk regardless of nutritional status in adolescents: A cross-sectional study in a Chilean birth cohort.},

author = {Marcela Reyes},

doi = {10.1111/pedi.12505},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-00-00},

urldate = {2017-00-00},

journal = {Pediatr. Diabetes.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Burrows R, Correa-Burrows P, Blanco E, Albala C, Gahagan S. 

 

- Cómo citar: Burrows R, Correa-Burrows P, Blanco E, Albala C, Gahagan S. Low muscle mass is associated with cardiometabolic risk regardless of nutritional status in adolescents: A cross-sectional study in a Chilean birth cohort. Pediatr. Diabetes. 2017;18(8):895-902. doi: 10.1111/pedi.12505. PMID: 28145023. PMCID: PMC5538898. ISSN: 1399-543X. IF [JCR]: 3.409. Q2 

 

-Resumen: Background: Increased cardiometabolic risk (CMR) is documented in obese and non-obese adolescents with low muscular fitness. However, the association of low muscle mass (LMM) with CMR, independent of weight status, has not been examined. We analyzed the relationship of LMM with CMR in adolescents, regardless of their weight status. 

Materials and methods: Observational study in 660 adolescents. BMI, waist circumference (WC), arterial blood pressures (ABP) were measured. Total fat mass (TFM), total lean tissue (TLT), and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) were estimated (DXA). Fasting lipid profile, glucose, and insulin were measured. HOMA-IR was estimated. Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) was diagnosed (AHA/NHLBI/IDF). ROC analysis was performed to find the optimal cutoffs of TLT percentage for MetS diagnosis. Values below these cutoffs defined LMM. ANCOVA examined the association of LMM with selected cardiometabolic biomarkers. 

Results: In both sexes, TLT showed better sensitivity and specificity than ASM for MetS diagnosis. In males and females, TLT of 66.1% and 56.3%, respectively, were the optimal cutoff for MetS diagnosis. In the sample, 17.3% of males and 23.7% of females had LMM. In both sexes, adolescents with LMM had significantly higher values of WC, ABP, TG, TC/HDL, HOMA-IR, and MetS z-score than non-LMM participants. Adolescents with LMM, regardless nutritional status, had significantly increased values of MetS z-score, ABP, TG, TC/HDL-chol, and HOMA-IR than non-obese non-LMM adolescents. Adolescents having both obesity and LMM had the unhealthiest CMR profile. 

Conclusion: In adolescents, LMM was associated with higher CMR, regardless of nutritional status. In obese adolescents, LMM increased obesity-associated CMR.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey_165,

title = {Photographic Methods for Measuring Packaged Food and Beverage Products in Supermarkets.},

author = {Marcela Reyes and Camila Corvalán},

doi = {10.3945/cdn.117.001016},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-00-00},

urldate = {2017-00-00},

journal = {Curr Dev Nutr.},

abstract = {- Otros autores: Kanter R. 

 

- Cómo citar: Kanter R. Photographic Methods for Measuring Packaged Food and Beverage Products in Supermarkets. Curr Dev Nutr. 2017;1(10):e001016. doi: 10.3945/cdn.117.001016. PMID: 29955678 / PMCID: PMC5998779. ISSN: 2475-2991. IF [JCI]: 0.59. Q3 

 -Resumen: Background: The global obesity pandemic and rates of nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) have increased worldwide, especially in the Latin American and Caribbean region. In an attempt to control this obesity epidemic, the Chilean government has established a comprehensive set of regulatory actions, including beverage taxation, warning labels on foods, and marketing restrictions to children. To improve the effectiveness of actions to prevent obesity, a better understanding of the food environment is needed. Objective: We developed and standardized photographic methods to assess and monitor packaged food and beverage products in supermarkets. Methods: A standardized protocol and food categorization system was used to guide photo collection and data management of photos taken between February and April 2015 in 11 supermarkets, consisting of 5 different supermarket chains, from high- (n = 6) and lower-middle (n = 5)-income neighborhoods in Santiago, Chile. Photos (n = ∼50,000) from nearly 10,000 unique food products from high- and lower-middle-income neighborhoods were used for this study. Results: We developed standardized methods to use photographs to assess and monitor the food environment. A food categorization scheme is essential to guiding the data collection process. Substantial time and human resources are required to assess packaged food and beverage products in supermarkets. Because the number of photos per food product is variable, the organization of the photographs according to the food categorization system, before data entry, is imperative for easy access during data entry and analysis. We identified the information necessary for a photographic registry, which, with the food categorization system, is critical to create unique identifiers that are linked to each food product and its photos. Conclusions: To adequately monitor food environments, standardized methods for food photo collection and management are essential. The information collected on food package photos to monitor food environments is important for guiding and evaluating actions in the context of the ongoing obesity and NCD epidemics.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}